Mickey Mouse turns 80 years old today, and there's not a gray hair on
him. Sure, he's a little rounder, a little squatter, and he's been
wearing the same clothes for decades, but all in all he looks pretty
good. Sure, Mickey hasn't had a movie in two years (his last one went
direct-to-video), but his cheerful face remains one of the most
recognizable images in the world, even beating out Santa Claus. Disney
threw a big party for the mouse's 75th birthday, so this year's
festivities will be comparatively subdued. But TIME has been following
the adorable mouse since the beginning, and 80 years is still a big
number to us.
Mickey's story, however, starts with a rabbit. Disney Brothers Studio
was just another cog in Universal Pictures' animation machine when, in
1927, Walt Disney created a character called Oswald the Lucky Rabbit.
With his round, white face, big button nose and floppy black ears, the
smiling Oswald was an instant hit and Universal ordered a series of
shorts. When Disney met with executives to negotiate another contract in
1928, the rabbit was still riding high and the animator thought he had
the upper hand. Instead, the studio told him that it had hired away all
of his employeees and retained the rights to Oswald. Univesral offered
to keep Disney if he took a lower salary, but he refused. He and Ub
Iwerks — the one loyal animator who stayed with Disney Bros. — returned
to work and held a series of hair-pulling, late-night brainstorming
sessions for Oswald's replacement. They shortened the ears, added some
extra padding around the middle, and turned the rabbit into a mouse.
Named Mortimer. The moniker didn't last; there are a number of tales
attempting to explain how and why — the most popular being that Disney's
wife hated the name and suggested its replacement — but soon he was
ready for his debut as Mickey.
The first two Mickey shorts drew no attention, but then came Steamboat Willie,
the first animation to feature synchronized music and sound effects,
hit the screen. The film premiered in New York on Nov. 18, 1928 and was
an instant hit. A series of Mickey Mouse shorts appeared within a matter
of months — including Plane Crazy, a short that predated Steamboat Willie
in which Mickey plays a rodent Charles Lindbergh. The mouse was a
national fad by the end of the year, and it wasn't long before the real
genius of Walt Disney kicked in: marketing. Walt quickly started up a
line of Mickey merchandise, and within two years the Mickey Mouse Club, a
fan club for children, was up and running.
In 1935, a young animator named Fred Moore gave Mickey his first
makeover. Earlier animators had drawn the mouse as a series of circles,
which limited his movement. Moore — who later animated Fantasia's Sorcerer's Apprentice
segment — gave him a pear-shaped body, pupils, white gloves and a
shortened nose, to make him cuter. Mickey also appeared in color for the
first time that year; The Band Concert's use of Technicolor was so innovative that critics still consider it to be a masterpiece.
By 1937, Disney Studios was producing about 12 Mickey shorts a year,
with Disney himself providing the mouse's high-pitched voice. Mickey
became a football hero, a hunter, a tailor, and a symphony conductor. He
accidentally sprayed himself with insecticide, rescued Pluto from the
dogcatcher, crashed a car into a barn, fell behind on his rent, enlisted
in the army, had his house repossessed, and lost Minnie to an
innumerable string of muscular bad boys (although he always won her back
in the end). The cartoons' vaudevillian overtones made liberal use of
slapstick and puns, and Mickey's close association with children
required that he always remain upstanding and moral (leaving the
cantankerous Donald Duck to get into all the trouble).
By the 1950s, Mickey had theme park, a newspaper comic strip, and The Mickey Mouse Club,
the hit television variety show that has launched the careers of teen
stars from Annette Funicello to Justin Timberlake. But soon Disney
feature films like Bambi and Sleeping Beauty
began to rake in the accolades — and box office receipts — the mouse
faded into the background. Between his last 1953 cartoon short, The Simple Things, and the 1983 Christmas special Mickey's Christmas Carol, the mouse that built the house of Disney would remain out of work for 30 years.
Yet despite Mickey's semi-retirement, his ears are still one of the
most famous cultural icons of the 20th and 21st centuries. He has posed
for photographs with every U.S. President since Harry Truman, save one
(Lyndon Johnson never visited a Disney theme park). Disney claims that
Mickey had a 98% awareness rate among children between ages 3-11
worldwide. Mouse-related merchandise sales have declined from their 1997
high, but they still make up about 40% of the company's consumer
products revenue. Mickey returned to the big screen for a cameo in
1988's Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Warner Brothers' Bugs Bunny was
also in the film and the two companies demanded that each character
receive the same amount of screen time, down to the very last second. A
semi-secret 2001 image revamp put Mickey's logo in trendy places: on
celebrities, in a Sex and the City episode — he was printed on a
t-shirt and stretched across Sarah Jessica Parker's chest — as well as
in high-end boutiques. In 2002, he appeared in the PlayStation2 video
game Kingdom Hearts. And in 2006, he became 3-D for the very first time. Now you can see him on Mickey Mouse Clubhouse,
an early morning Disney Channel show designed for children ages 2-6. Or
you can book a flight to Disney World and shake his oversized glove
yourself.
Thursday, 17 December 2015
Happy Birthday, Mickey Mouse! A Look at the Mouse That Built an Empire
Today
in 1928 Mickey Mouse made his official debut in “Steamboat Willie.” To
celebrate Mickey’s 86th birthday, here’s a look at how Walt Disney
created America’s favorite mouse.
Walt Disney with Mickey Mouse, circa 1930. (Photo: United Artists/Photofest)
Two different people have taken credit for giving Mickey Mouse his first name. History has it that Walt Disney’s
wife Lillian came up with it because she thought his original name,
Mortimer, was too pompous. But child-star-turned-movie-star Mickey Rooney
frequently claimed that it was his meeting with Walt in 1920 that
provided the inspiration. Walt, being a very smart man, sided with his
wife on that one.
Whether it was Lillian Disney
or Mickey Rooney, it doesn’t matter: to this day, Mickey Mouse is one of
the most well-known characters around the globe, surpassing even Santa
Claus in recognizability here in the United States. He’s also the most
frequently used write-in candidate in American local elections, still
topping the list as recently as November of 2014. (Cohort Donald Duck is
a close second.) By 1987, the state of Georgia actually had to make it
illegal to vote for Mickey, and Wisconsin is apparently considering
similar legislation. Good luck! Despite his tiny size and falsetto
voice, Mickey Mouse is an unstoppable force.
Oh Mickey, You’re So Fine…
Before
there was Mickey, Walt Disney created another character, Oswald the
Lucky Rabbit, for film producer Charles Mintz. Oswald’s ears were longer
than Mickey’s (as befitting a rabbit), as was his nose, and his feet
were black and shoeless, but his face bore an unmistakable resemblance
to what would become the Walt Disney Company’s most iconic image. While
Oswald was Disney's creation, Universal legally owned him. When the
Disney Brothers Studio asked for more money, Mintz refused and took
ownership of the character, and retained almost all of Disney’s
employees.
Determined not to make the mistake of
giving up the rights to one of his creations again, Walt and his
remaining animator, Ub Iwerks, went back to the drawing board, and
transformed their rabbit into a mouse. They produced a few shorts that
didn’t get much attention, but that changed when Steamboat Willie premiered in 1928. Named after Buster Keaton’s Steamboat Bill, Jr. and inspired by the very first “talkie” The Jazz Singer,
it was the first cartoon with synchronized sound, and became an instant
hit. With Disney’s genius for marketing, Mickey became a national fad
by the end of the year, with his own line of merchandise. His cartoons
ran before the main features in movie theaters and he became so popular
that moviegoers would often sit through a movie twice to see him again,
or would check before buying their tickets to make sure that “a Mickey”
was going to play at the beginning.
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Interestingly, Mickey didn’t actually speak until 1929’s The Karnival Kid.
His first words were, “Hot dogs! Hot dogs!” and his voice was provided
by Carl Stalling, the composer and arranger now known for his work on
the legendary Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. After that,
Walt Disney himself provided Mickey’s voice, up until 1946 when he could
no longer squeeze it into his schedule.
In
January of 1930, the now legendary Mickey Mouse Club was created. Within
a few months there were 60 theaters hosting clubs across the country,
and within two years, there were over a million members enjoying the
club song, secret handshakes, a special greeting, and even a code of
behavior.
The TV series, basically a variety show for kids, didn’t
launch until the 1950s, but clearly it resonated, returning multiple
times across the decades. Famous on-screen members included Dennis Day, Annette Funicello, Don Grady (of My Three Sons), Keri Russell, Christina Aguilera, Ryan Gosling, Britney Spears, and Justin Timberlake.
Hollywood quickly knew it had a star in its
midst, and in 1932, awarded Walt Disney an honorary Oscar for creating
Mickey. Disney would win three more Honorary Awards, plus 22 Competitive
“regular” Oscars, one of them posthumous; he still holds the record for
the most nominations and wins by an individual, ever.
But
Mickey made enemies as well as friends. A Nazi newspaper in Germany
printed this in the mid-1930s, which would later be featured on the
opening page of author Art Spiegelman’s second volume of his graphic
novel, “Maus”:
“Mickey Mouse is the most
miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent
young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered
vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be
the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people!
Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!”
Being
an enemy of the Nazis hardly hurt him. In 1935, popular as ever, Mickey
got his first makeover courtesy of animator Fred Moore, who shortened
his nose, reshaped his body, added pupils to his eyes, and gave him his
white gloves to help distinguish his hands from the rest of his body.
These changes were all prominent in 1940’s Fantasia, in which
Mickey, now tail-less, starred as the Sorcerer’s Apprentice. A feat of
animation genius, the movie featured animation and sound techniques that
are still considered artistically unmatched.
Always one of the good guys, Mickey became a
patriot during World War II. He appeared on posters advertising war
bonds and promoting national security, but according to multiple sources
(and frequently denied by others), his biggest contribution came on
D-Day itself, when his name was allegedly the password used among the
senior officers in the Allied Forces.
Once the
war was over, things lightened up, and Mickey was free to focus on his
cartoon adventures with Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. His star has
shone brightly ever since. In 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, he
became the first animated character to get his own star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame.
While Disney Studios are now famous for full-length features like Aladdin, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, Frozen, The Princess and The Frog, and
dozens more, Mickey is still the image most closely associated with the
company and remains the official mascot of all Disney theme parks. The
next generation of fans is watching him on TV on Mickey Mouse Clubhouse,
and he’s appeared in video games, comic books, feature films, endless
varieties of merchandise, and has had cameos, either as himself or as a
hidden Easter egg, in multiple movies and television shows. The Walt
Disney Company has morphed from an animation studio into an unrivaled
empire, but the man who started it all never forgot its origins:
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